Korean grammar
Joining sentences in Korean: 고, 아서/어서, 그래서 and 지만
Korean joins clauses with endings on the first verb rather than separate words. 고 lists or sequences actions, 아서/어서 links a result to what came before (as a sequence or a reason), and 지만 adds a but. Only the last verb carries tense and politeness. 그래서, 하지만, 그리고 and 그런데 do the same jobs between two separate sentences.
Examples are written in Hangul. New to it? Start with the hangul chart.
In short
- 고 lists or sequences actions; only the last verb takes tense: 밥을 먹고 자요 (I eat and then sleep).
- 아서/어서 links a result to what came before, as a sequence or a reason: 집에 가서 자요 (I go home and sleep there), 비가 와서 집에 있어요 (because it's raining, I'm staying home).
- 아서 after ㅏ/ㅗ, 어서 otherwise, 하다 → 해서. The first clause never carries tense: 늦어서 죄송해요, not 늦었어서.
- 그래서 starts a new sentence: 비가 와요. 그래서 집에 있어요. 하지만 (but), 그리고 (and) and 그런데 (but, by the way) work the same way.
- 지만 means but inside one sentence: 비싸지만 맛있어요 (it's expensive but delicious).
고 joins two verbs
고 attaches to the plain verb stem to list or sequence actions: 먹다 → 먹고, 가다 → 가고. 밥을 먹고 자요 = I eat and (then) sleep. The first verb stays tense-less; only the final verb carries tense and politeness. The same 고 sits inside 먹고 싶어요 (want to eat).
자요
jayo
sleep / go to bed (polite)
집에 가고 영화를 봐요
I go home, and watch a movie.
밥을 먹고 자요
I eat and (then) sleep
Vowel harmony picks 아서 or 어서
아서/어서 glues two actions where the second depends on the first, with the same subject: 가서 (go and …), 만나서 (meet and …). The split follows vowel harmony, the same rule as the 해요 present: a stem whose last vowel is ㅏ or ㅗ takes 아서, everything else takes 어서. 가다 → 가서, 먹다 → 먹어서. The first clause never takes tense. 집에 가서 자요 = I go home and sleep there.
친구를 만나서 영화를 봐요
I meet a friend and (together) watch a movie.
집에 가서 자요
I go home and sleep (there)
아서/어서 = 'because', in one clause
The very same 아서/어서 can mean because: 비가 와서 집에 있어요 = Because it's raining, I'm staying home. Compare 그래서 (비가 와요. 그래서 집에 있어요): same idea, but 아서/어서 fuses the two clauses with no full stop. The reason clause takes no tense. One limit: 아서/어서 cannot give the reason for a command or suggestion; Korean uses (으)니까 for that. For plain statements it is the everyday because.
바빠서 못 가요
I'm busy, so I can't go.
비가 와서 집에 있어요
Because it's raining, I'm staying home
그래서 connects sentences
그래서 = so, therefore. It starts a new sentence whose cause was just stated: 비가 와요. 그래서 집에 있어요. = It's raining. So I'm staying home. The shorter in-clause connective 아서/어서 glues cause and result into one sentence instead.
비가 와요
biga wayo
it's raining (lit. rain comes)
비가 와요. 그래서 집에 있어요
It's raining, so I'm staying home
Sentence-starting connectives
그래서 = 'so / therefore' (result). 하지만 = 'but / however' (contrast). 그리고 = 'and' (addition). 그런데 = 'but / by the way' (mild contrast or topic shift). These start a NEW sentence: 피곤해요. 그래서 집에 있어요. ('I'm tired. So I stay home.')
피곤해요. 하지만 학교에 가요
I'm tired. But I go to school.
피곤해요. 그래서 집에 있어요
I'm tired. So I stay home
stem + 지만
지만 attaches to the plain stem of any verb or adjective to mean but or although: 좋지만 (it's good, but …), 비싸지만 (it's expensive, but …), 가고 싶지만 (I want to go, but …). It joins two clauses in one sentence, the contrast counterpart of the reason ending 아서/어서.
가고 싶지만 못 가요
I want to go, but I can't.
좋지만 비싸요
It's good, but expensive
Check yourself
Questions from the course. Pick an answer to check it; nothing is saved.
1.'I eat and (then) sleep.' Pick the Korean.
2.'I go home and sleep there.' Pick the Korean.
3.'Because it's raining, I'm staying home.' Pick the Korean.
4.'It's raining. So I'm staying home.' Pick the Korean.
5.'I'm tired. So I stay home.' Pick the Korean.
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